How i got a grade 9 in gcse 91 history how to revise. My revision notes edexcel b history gcse schools history project second edition for exams from summer 2015 isbn. The discovery of penicillin, one of the major events in the history of medicine. Marys hospital, london, alexander fleming discovered penicillin. The final piece of the puzzle was in place and mass production of penicillin was finally possible. History of penicillin read a free medicine essay at. The untold story of the discovery of the first wonder drug, the men who led the way, and how it changed the modern world the discovery of penicillin in 1928 ushered in a new age in medicine. However, on a cautionary note, the pathogens are fighting back and we humans are locked in a neverending arms race with these microscopic adversaries. This book focuses on the discovery of penicillin, analyzing how it came about, describing it, and discussing its consequences on history.
The history of this breakthrough is extremely interesting. Much knowledge from the roman empire had been lost during the dark ages c. Dec 15, 2017 the final piece of the puzzle was in place and mass production of penicillin was finally possible. The side chain of 6apa is variously modified to obtain a variety of derivatives of penicillin, which are used in medicine. Penicillin has the ability to kill or cease the growth of bacteria by preventing new cell walls from developing. But it took a team of oxford scientists headed by howard florey and ernst chain four more years to develop it. The book provides interesting background about fleming, his family, his career, and his personality that impacted his discovery of penicillin and influenced his attempts to isolate the drug in sufficient quantities for animal and clinical testing. This meant by the time d day happened in 1944 there was enough penicillin. Gcse biology for you 5th edition free support resources for biology for you 5th edition. The discovery of penicillin flashcards in gcse history. Gcse history medicine through time revision notes these notes are brought to you by. Answer questions 1, 2 and 3, either question 4 or 5 and then either question 6 or 7. In 1928, a chance event in alexander flemings london labo ratory changed the course of medicine. Although penicillin was discovered in 1928, scientists did not begin to discover its many benefits until over a decade later.
It would not have been done without the information and clarity of this particular book. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. He made some successful experiments on patients but did not, it seems, fully recognize the implications. A scottish doctor called alexander fleming had seen hundreds of cases of soldiers dying in the first world war after minor wounds became infected. Penicillin was first discovered in 1928 and is now the most widely used antibiotic in the world. Anderson and others published penicillin find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. An overview corresponding author article pdf available november 2014 with 4,517 reads how we measure reads. Improved access to treatments available through state funding of medical and hospital care. All candidates, whichever subject they are being assessed on, must receive the same treatment. The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928.
Medicine through time timeline 3000 bc prehistoryunderstanding is based on spirits and gods. Medicine in britain, c1250present hodder education. Sir john scott burdonsanderson, who started out at st. For the first time in history, the major killer in a war was not infection. The modern history of penicillin research begins in earnest in the 1870s in the united kingdom. Penicillins are a group of antibiotics used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. The history of antibiotics antibiotics have been used for millennia to treat infections, although until the last century or so people did not know the infections were caused by bacteria. Feb 10, 2016 this feature is not available right now. Pencillin was discovered by alexander fleming when he was. Jul 28, 2017 these resources relate to the aqa gcse history unit, britain.
Medicine in britain, c1250present and the british sector of the western front, 191418 edexcel gcse history 91 lesson resources. Aqa gcse sciences student book answers separate sciences. Examiners report january 2012 gcse history 5hb01 1a. Unique material, focussed exam training and orginal sources with mock exams. Antibiotics and painkillers treating, curing and preventing. This website talks about the history of penicillin, the people that were involved in the invention of penicillin, the resistance to penicillin, the ancient history, and a quick timeline of events. Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and.
Total for question 3 12 marks or 4 why did it take so long for penicillin to be produced on a large scale. Home gcse study tools history the discovery of penicillin. An introduction to penicillin despite having been discovered almost 90 years ago, penicillins and related compounds, called cephalosporins, remain the most widelyused antibiotics in the world, accounting for nearly 60% of all total antibiotic consumption. Browse cgps 91 gcse history books covering edexcel, aqa, ocr and more. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last. Question paper unit a95221 developments in british. The content is enriched with many photos, pictures, diagrams and couple of video links, so it becomes more accessible to all ability pupils.
This material relates to the open university course exploring science s104. Microbiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, physicians, veterinarians, agronomists and engineers have made their contribution to the improvement of penicillin qualities while studying the antibiotic properties. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 5. Paper 2a sources booklet 57 source i from a gcse history text book, a history of medicine, published in 1988. Antibiotics when antibiotics were first discovered they were called wonder drugs antibiotic is a drug that fights bacterial infection dr. From this book, he generated a report and put together a poster explaining flemings accidental discovery and gave a oral presentation to his class. The american government saw the potential of penicllin with the prospect of war and invested in research into penicillin. Key discoveries in treatments gcse history revision bbc. Explore with your students the important role of antibiotics on human history and the collaborative effort to mass produce penicillin. All this was a consequence of the extraction of a broad. Edexcel gcse history syllabus c schools history project paper 2a.
After just over 75 years of penicillin s clinical use, the world can see that its impact was immediate and profound. Penicillin allergy guidance document nebraska medicine. Before alexander flemings discovery of penicillin, bacterial infections often caused lifealtering effects and death. In addition, the dreadful problem of fatal bacterial infections was solved. In 1871 the scientist joseph lister by chance noticed that the mould which grows on cheese and fruit can make microbes germs grow weaker.
Alexander fleming discovered what was to be one of the most powerful of all antibiotics penicillin. Jan 01, 2005 in the preface to his tale of the discovery and development of penicillin, kevin brown says, this is the book i never intended to write. This drug was to change the way disease was treated and cement flemings name in medical history. Alexander fleming and the antibiotic revolution brown on. An illustration from william harveys book, published in 1628.
Fleming, a modest man from st marys, returned from holiday to find some mould growing in one of his discarded staphylococcus culture plates. Medicine and public health edexcel gcse revision 1. These resources relate to the aqa gcse history unit, britain. This discovery led to the introduction of antibiotics that greatly reduced the number of deaths from infection. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they were the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, and staphylococcus infections. However, they can be adapted to suit other ks4 or even ks3 topics on penicillin. By the end of 1943, hundreds of million units of pure penicillin were produced on a monthly basis. Jun 01, 2015 edexcel gcse p44772a p44772a0116 2015 pearson education ltd. Most people at this time worked in agriculture and few could read. Penicillin was different to the first 2 magic bullets as they were made, penicillin was created using micro organisms. Penicillin has been used throughout history to fight disease, but it was not until 1928 that it was officially discovered.
Read the debate section so you can consider the arguments and weigh the evidence of its importance in history. Medicine in britain, c1250present this resource takes comprehensive and detailed notes on everything needed according to the gcse pearson edexcel history specification. Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from penicillium fungi. To avoid any confusion, there are no actual bullets involved, this is what they called antibiotics as they attacked the specific microbes with a shot but left the body unharmed.
When was a technique developed to refine penicillin and what technique is this. Alexander fleming and the antibiotic revolution new ed. He received special commendation and a mark of 105%. The true history of the discovery of penicillin by. Antibiotics are substances that slow down or stop the growth of bacteria. Florey and chain began research in oxford on penicillin after reading an article by fleming. Alexander fleming and penicillin history learning site. Penicillin g is present in the broth, and is extracted using an organic solvent. To avoid any confusion, there are no actual bullets involved, this. Marys hospital 18521858 and later worked there as a lecturer 18541862, observed that culture fluid covered with mold would produce no bacterial growth. An introduction to penicillin exploring everyday chemistry. Changes in the roles of doctors, nurses and midwives and the increased regulation of training. The discovery of penicillin, one of the worlds first antibiotics, marks a true turning point in human history when doctors finally had a tool that could completely cure their patients of.
War ii on science, medicine, and technology, especially in nuclear physics. Efforts were made to control the spread of disease. On 10 may 1929 he submitted his first report on penicillin to the british journal of experimental pathology. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Many of the tasks require the blue textbook from hodder that accompanies the course. Great showman, put on public performances, became doctor to emperors for life after the great plague. Penicillin g is finally purified as potassium salt. The 1945 nobel prize for physiology or medicine was awarded jointly to sir alexander fleming, ernst boris chain, and sir howard walter florey for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious. Created by experienced teacher nichola boughey and. Fleming, a modest man from st marys, returned from holiday to find some mould growing in one of.
The spelling, punctuation and grammar assessment criteria are common to gcse english literature, gcse history, gcse geography and gcse religious studies. Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against. The medicinal chemistry of antibiotics introduction the development of antibiotics over the past eight decades has been one of medicinal chemistrys greatest success stories. Galen began studying medicine at 16, travelled to alexandria to study. Alexander fleming and the accidental mould juice the. Created by experienced teacher nichola boughey and available to use today. Before prescribing broadspectrum antibiotics to a patient thought to be penicillin allergic, evaluate the patient for true penicillin allergy igemediated by conducting a history and physical, and, when appropriate, a skin test and challenge dose. Alexander fleming and the story of penicillin unlocking. According to this concept paper, the main focus of the revision will be on the update of the. The discovery of penicillin is a great example of a chance finding helping science. Careful observation, rigorous scientific thinking and painstaking experimental work led to the discovery of penicillin. Historysamplechapterfor%20earlyelizabethanengland,15581588,student book. Looking for the practice and summary question answers for the combined science.
There are anecdotes about ancient societies using molds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various molds. In the preface to his tale of the discovery and development of penicillin, kevin brown says, this is the book i never intended to write. The discovery of penicillin gcse ocr a exam preparation pack. Copies of galens books were either lost, or hidden away for safety. Aqa gcse biology 8461 edexcel gcse biology 1bi0 ocr gateway biology a j247 ocr twenty first century science biology b j257 eduqas wjec biology. Mark scheme standardisation gcse history b 5hb011a. Catholicism was the religion of england and the church had a major influence over everyday life. The discovery of penicillinnew insights after more than. History content standard 3c 912 evaluate the impact of world. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Penicillin pcn or pen is a group of antibiotics, derived originally from common moulds known as penicillium moulds.
Gcse ocr a history the discovery of penicillin zigzag. Alexander fleming discovery and development of penicillin. Gcse history example answers and commentaries, paper 2aa. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Download answers to the practice and summary questions in your aqa gcse sciences 91 biology, chemistry and physics student books. Examiners report june 2015 gcse history 5hb01 1a cardinal. They are derived from fungi, and their medical properties were discovered in 1928. Investigate the timeline to understand crucial dates in medical breakthroughs. It talks a lot about how penicillin was invented and the people involved, and it also talks a lot about the history and what all happened to lead to. This powerpoint is based on edexcel gcse history of medicine book. Pearson centre number candidate number edexcel gcse history b.
Jun 21, 2017 this powerpoint is based on edexcel gcse history of medicine book. Preventing disease and the development of penicillin revision summary sheet pearson edexcel history 91 thematic study. It then goes on to make another valid inference that the information has become more accessible changing from a book. Ccea gcse biology 1010 cambridge igcse biology 0610 edexcel international gcse biology 4bi0 oxford aqa international gcse biology 9201. The key discovery in the twentieth century was the development of penicillin alexander fleming. Jul 30, 2018 penicillins are a group of antibiotics used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. Gcse history 5hb01 1a 5 this answer achieves the full 4 marks within the first 9 lines because it explains that the book in source a cannot easily be updated, whereas the internet is easily accessed and constantly revised.
The true history of the discovery of penicillin by alexander. The true history of the discovery of penicillin by alexander fleming. Please provide your email address to receive an email when new articles are posted on this topic. Florey, at the university of oxford working with ernst b. It should be remembered that this thematic study is about british history and. Various moulds and plant extracts were used to treat infections by some of the earliest civilisations the ancient egyptians, for example, applied mouldy. Sep 27, 20 the discovery of penicillin, one of the worlds first antibiotics, marks a true turning point in human history when doctors finally had a tool that could completely cure their patients of. They are commonly prescribed medicines, examples include penicillin and amoxicillin. The discovery of penicillin was important because it gave doctors an effective way to treat bacterial illnesses. This is an excellent history of the long road to the use of penicillin for treating infectious diseases. Alexander fleming investigated penicillin bacteria in 1928 when. Alexander fleming is alongside the likes of edward jenner, robert koch, christian barnard and louis pasteur in medical history. However, the purification and first clinical use of penicillin would take more.
799 1316 1438 1146 1183 983 840 1071 1361 1552 1468 680 1013 1325 163 1519 745 568 232 1270 593 84 450 397 128 808 157 856 1244 955 643 928 88 467 966 23 453